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From wikipedia & other reliable sources ( Poets, Writers, Thinkers, Researchers, Free Lancers, Philosophers, Theologists, Scientists, Orators, Sociologists and Photographers +Artists-Musicians & etc.) we can learn as follows :
World Health Organization (WHO)
SARS-CoV-2 is a newly discovered virus that is closely related to bat coronaviruses,[28] pangolin coronaviruses,[29][30] and SARS-CoV.[31] The first known outbreak started in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in November 2019. Many early cases were linked to people who had visited the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market there,[32][33][34] but it is possible that human-to-human transmission began earlier.[35][36]
The scientific consensus is that the virus is most likely of a zoonotic origin, from bats or another closely-related mammal.[35][37][38] Despite this, the subject has generated extensive speculation about alternative origins.[39][36][40] The origin controversy heightened geopolitical divisions, notably between the United States and China.[41]
The earliest known infected person fell ill on 1 December 2019. That individual did not have a connection with the later wet market cluster.[42][43] However, an earlier case may have occurred on 17 November.[44] Two-thirds of the initial case cluster were linked with the market.[45][46][47] Molecular clock analysis suggests that the index case is likely to have been infected between mid-October and mid-November 2019.[48][49]
Cases
Official "case" counts refer to the number of people who have been tested for COVID-19 and whose test has been confirmed positive according to official protocols whether or not they experienced symptomatic disease.[50][51] Due to the effect of sampling bias, studies which obtain a more accurate number by extrapolating from a random sample have consistently found that total infections considerably exceed the reported case counts.[52][53] Many countries, early on, had official policies to not test those with only mild symptoms.[54][55] The strongest risk factors for severe illness are obesity, complications of diabetes, anxiety disorders, and the total number of conditions.[56]
In early 2020, a meta-analysis of self-reported cases in China by age indicated that a relatively low proportion of cases occurred in individuals under 20.[57] It was not clear whether this was because young people were less likely to be infected, or less likely to develop symptoms and be tested.[58] A retrospective cohort study in China found that children and adults were just as likely to be infected.[59]
Among more thorough studies, preliminary results from 9 April 2020 found that in Gangelt, the centre of a major infection cluster in Germany, 15 per cent of a population sample tested positive for antibodies.[60] Screening for COVID-19 in pregnant women in New York City, and blood donors in the Netherlands, found rates of positive antibody tests that indicated more infections than reported.[61][62] Seroprevalence-based estimates are conservative as some studies show that persons with mild symptoms do not have detectable antibodies.[63]
Initial estimates of the basic reproduction number (R0) for COVID-19 in January 2020 were between 1.4 and 2.5,[64] but a subsequent analysis claimed that it may be about 5.7 (with a 95 per cent confidence interval of 3.8 to 8.9).[65]
In December 2021, the number of cases continued to climb due to several factors, including new COVID-19 variants. As of that 28 December, 282,790,822 individuals worldwide had been confirmed as infected.[66] As of 14 April 2022, over 500 million cases were confirmed globally.[67] Most cases are unconfirmed, with the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation estimating the true number of cases as of early 2022 to be in the billions.[68][69]
Deaths : COVID-19 pandemic deaths and COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country : List of deaths due to COVID-19
As of 15 December 2022, more than 6.65 million[3] deaths had been attributed to COVID-19. The first confirmed death was in Wuhan on 9 January 2020.[70] These numbers vary by region and over time, influenced by testing volume, healthcare system quality, treatment options, government response,[71] time since the initial outbreak, and population characteristics, such as age, sex, and overall health.[72]
Multiple measures are used to quantify mortality.[73] Official death counts typically include people who died after testing positive. Such counts exclude deaths without a test.[74] Conversely, deaths of people who died from underlying conditions following a positive test may be included.[75] Countries such as Belgium include deaths from suspected cases, including those without a test, thereby increasing counts.[76]
Official death counts have been claimed to underreport the actual death toll, because excess mortality (the number of deaths in a period compared to a long-term average) data show an increase in deaths that is not explained by COVID-19 deaths alone.[77] Using such data, estimates of the true number of deaths from COVID-19 worldwide have included a range from 16.6 to 28.3 million by The Economist,[77] as well as over 10.3 million by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation[78] and ≈18.2 million (earlier) deaths between 1 January 2020, and 31 December 2021 by a comprehensive international study.[79] Such deaths include deaths due to healthcare capacity constraints and priorities, as well as reluctance to seek care (to avoid possible infection).[80] Further research may help distinguish the proportions directly caused by COVID-19 from those caused by indirect consequences of the pandemic.[79]
In May 2022, the WHO estimated the number of excess deaths to be 14.9 million compared to 5.4 million reported COVID-19 deaths, with the majority of the unreported 9.5 million deaths believed to be direct deaths due the virus, rather than indirect deaths. Some deaths were because people with other conditions could not access medical services.[81]
The time between symptom onset and death ranges from 6 to 41 days, typically about 14 days.[82] Mortality rates increase as a function of age. People at the greatest mortality risk are the elderly and those with underlying conditions.[83][84]
he COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identified in an outbreak in the Chinese city of Wuhan in December 2019. Attempts to contain it there failed, allowing the virus to spread to other areas of Asia and later worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern on 30 January 2020 and a pandemic on 11 March 2020. As of 15 December 2022, the pandemic had caused more than 651 million cases and 6.65 million confirmed deaths, making it one of the deadliest in history.
COVID-19 symptoms range from undetectable to deadly, but most commonly include fever, dry cough, and fatigue. Severe illness is more likely in elderly patients and those with certain underlying medical conditions. COVID-19 transmits when people breathe in air contaminated by droplets and small airborne particles containing the virus. The risk of breathing these in is highest when people are in close proximity, but they can be inhaled over longer distances, particularly indoors. Transmission can also occur if contaminated fluids reach the eyes, nose, or mouth, or, more rarely, via contaminated surfaces. Infected individuals are typically contagious for 10 days and can spread the virus even if they do not develop symptoms. Mutations have produced many strains (variants) with varying degrees of infectivity and virulence.[5][6]
The COVID-19 vaccines have been approved and widely distributed in various countries since December 2020. According to a June 2022 study, COVID-19 vaccines prevented an additional 14.4 million to 19.8 million deaths in 185 countries and territories from 8 December 2020 to 8 December 2021.[7][8] Other recommended preventive measures include social distancing, wearing masks, improving ventilation and air filtration, and quarantining those who have been exposed or are symptomatic. Treatments include novel antiviral drugs and symptom control. Public health mitigation measures include travel restrictions, lockdowns, business restrictions and closures, workplace hazard controls, quarantines, testing systems, and contact tracing of the infected, which, together with treatments, serve to bring about the control and eventual end of the pandemic.
The pandemic has triggered severe social and economic disruption around the world, including the largest global recession since the Great Depression.[9] Widespread supply shortages, including food shortages, were caused by supply chain disruptions. Reduced human activity saw an unprecedented decrease in pollution. Educational institutions and public areas were partially or fully closed in many jurisdictions, and many events were cancelled or postponed during 2020 and 2021. Misinformation has circulated through social media and mass media, and political tensions have intensified. The pandemic has raised issues of racial and geographic discrimination, health equity, and the balance between public health imperatives and individual rights.
While the WHO considers the pandemic global and ongoing as of October 2022,[10] some countries are transitioning their public health approach towards regarding SARS-CoV-2 as an endemic virus, such as Spain and South Korea.[11][12]
Constitution of the World Health Organization
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